ORTHOGRAPHIC CONVENTIONS
LANNANG ORTHOGRAPHY (Version 1.1 July 8, 2020)
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1. SOUNDS
1.1 Consonants
1.1.1 Bilabials (Lips)
orthography IPA transcription example translation
b [b] bá ques. marker (Tag)
p [p] pá father (Hok)
m [m] má mother (Hok)
1.1.2 Labiodentals
orthography IPA transcription example translation
f [f] feathèr feather (Eng)
v [v] violìn violin (Eng)
1.1.3 Dental/alveolar/postalveolar
orthography IPA transcription example translation
t [t] tiaú string (Hok)
d [d] diaú wrinkled (Hok)
n [n] niaū cat (Hok, variant)
r [ɻ] Russià Russia (Eng)
s [s] siaû crazy (Hok)
z [z] zebrà zebra (Eng)
sh [ʃ] shangá who (Hok, variant)
l [l] liaû done (Hok, variant)
1.1.4 Affricates
orthography IPA transcription example translation
j [dʒ] jaìl jail (Eng)
ts [ts] tsiá here (Hok)
tsh [tsh] tshiā car (Hok)
ch [tʃ ̚] chá here (Hok, variant)
chh [tʃ] chhā car (Hok, variant)
1.1.5 Palatal
orthography IPA transcription example translation
y [j] yá very (Hok)
1.1.6 Velars and Labiovelars
orthography IPA transcription example translation
k [k] kaú monkey (Hok)
g [g] gaú smart (Hok)
ng [ŋ] siangá who (Hok)
w [w] tsiûwâ how (Hok)
1.1.7 Glottal
orthography IPA transcription example translation
∅V [ʔ] yá very (Hok)
aū after (Hok)
Vh [ʔ] káh carry (Hok)
aûh fold (Hok, variant)
∅V and Vh [ʔ] ∅iáh page (Hok)
∅aûh fold (Hok)
1.1.8 Syllabic nasal
orthography IPA transcription example translation
m [m] msī no (Hok)
n [ŋ] tng long (Hok, variant)
1.2 Vowels
1.2.1 Monophthongs
orthography IPA transcription example translation
a [a], [ʌ] bâh meat (Hok)
e [e], [ɛ] bê horse (Hok)
i [i], [ɪ] bî rice (Hok)
o [o],[ɔ], [ɤ] bô wife (Hok)
u [u],[ʊ],[ɯ] bû mother (Hok)
u before syllabic ūmsī no (Hok)
nasals (m [m])
that have a "uh"-like
sound before.
1.2.1 Diphthongs
orthography IPA transcription example translation
ai [aɪ] haî ocean (Hok)
au [aʊ] haû cry (Hok)
iu [ɪʊ] hiūsiâk rest (Hok)
ia [ɪa] hiá there (Hok)
ua [ua] or [ʊa] huà hold (Hok)
ue [ʊa] huē flower (Hok)
ui [ʊɪ] huîh blood (Hok)
1.2.2 Triphthongs
orthography IPA transcription example translation
iau [ɪaʊ] iaū hungry (Hok)
uai [uaɪ] uaī crooked (Hok)
1.3 Airflow Mechanisms
1.3.1 Aspiration
orthography IPA transcription example translation
p [p] pē fly (Hok)
ph [ph] phē blanket (Hok)
t [t] tê follow (Hok)
th [th] thê attitude (Hok)
k [k] kaû dog (Hok)
kh [kh] khaû window (Hok)
ts [ts] tsâ then (Hok)
tsh [tsh] tshâ noisy (Hok)
1.3.2 Nasalization
orthography IPA transcription example translation
a [a] or [ʌ] kâ teach (Hok)
ann [ã] or [ʌ̃] kânn child (Hok)
i [i] or [ɪ] pí compare (Hok)
inn [ĩ] or [ɪ̃] pínn level (Hok)
iu [ɪʊ] siūtsuî swim (Hok)
iunn [ɪʊ̃] siūnn think (Hok)
ia [ɪa] iá win (Hok, variant)
iann [ɪã] iánn win (Hok)
ua [ua] or [ʊa] uâ bowl (Hok, variant)
uann [uã] or [ʊã] uânn bowl (Hok)
1.4 Tone
Tone 1: High tone
Diacritic: â
example translation
kaû dog (Hok)
guākhaû outside (Hok)
tētê very short (Hok)
kasî because (Tag)
Tone 2: Mid tone
Diacritic: ā
example translation
kaū submit (Hok)
guākhaû outside (Hok)
tētê very short (Hok)
Huīdīpīn Philippines (Hok)
Tone 3: Low tone
Diacritic: none
example translation
cowbêlls cowbells (Eng)
pero but (Tag from Spanish)
Tone 4: Falling tone
Diacritic: à
example translation
kaù arrive (Hok)
khà call (Hok)
thiaù jump (Hok)
kantò corner (Tag)
bathroòm bathroom (Eng)
Tone 5: Rising tone
Diacritic: á
example translation
kaú monkey (Hok)
diaú wrinkled (Hok)
babóy pig (Tag)
Barbié Barbie (Eng)
Undefined tone
Diacritic: None
example translation
la Clause final particle (Hok, variant)